Yaşam Uzunluğunun Cinsiyetler Arası Farklılığının Biyolojik Nedenleri

Özet

For humans and animals, gender does’nt only have effects on physical characteristics, but also have effects on the lifespan. Gender
difference of longevity is a kind of challenging conception. According to the information taken from the researches done in wild and
captive populations, there may be many gender differences patterns. Sometimes females and sometimes males may be more stronger. But
considering the average longevity, females live longer than males in wild vertabrates and mammals. In humans especially in developed and
developing countries, women live evidently longer than males. But the paradox is that whereas women have low mortality rates, they have
more physical illnesses than males. Reasons for the difference in longevity may be endogenous differences such as genes, sex hormones
and reproduction physiology and/or potential modifier exogen differences such as lifestyle, health habits, exercise, nutrition. Biological
mechanisms of these differences in longevity may include more active female immune function (autoimmunity), protector effect of
estrogens (hormonal patterns), second X chromosome compensation (genetic factors, telomere lenght), poor signal flow of growth
hormone and insulin like growth factor-1 (signal pathways) and oxidative stresss in aging/illnesses.