FUNCTIONAL NUTRITION IN TYPE 1 DIABETES AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR HEALTH
Keywords:
Type 1 Diabetes, Functional Food, Antioxidant, Healthy LivingAbstract
In this review, we investigated the influence of the consumption of functional foods on health in people with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Functional foods are inclusive of different fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods that contain phytochemicals, including lycopene, β-carotene, flavonoids, anthocyanins, sulforaphane, capsaicin, and hesperidin. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties attributed to these bioactive compounds may help decrease oxidative stress, promote vascular health, attenuate postprandial glycemic responses, and promote metabolism in T1D. Based on the literature, functional foods are not used as an alternative to insulin therapy, but they hold supportive potential to glycemic control. Due to the wide breadth of functional foods, this review will prioritize foods typically consumed along with bioactive compounds. However, given there may be individual differences in response to functional foods, their use in a diet should be assessed as an inclusion while working with healthcare providers, including physicians and dietitians.
References
[1] Papachristoforou, E., Kountouri, A., Maratou, E., Kouretas, D., Skaperda, Z., Tsoumani, M., Efentakis, P., Ikonomidis, I., Lambadiari, V., Makrilakis, K. (2022): Association of Hypoglycemia with Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants: An Observational Study. Healthcare, 10(8): 1509.
[2] Darenskaya, M. A., Chugunova, E. V., Kolesnikov, S. I., Semenova, N. V., Kolesnikova, L. I. (2022): Lipids Peroxidation Products in Young Men with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Biomedicine, 12(2): 232–236.
[3] Taş, S., Taş, B., Bassalat, N., Jaradat, N. (2018): In-vivo, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and oxidative stress inhibitory activities of Myrtus communis L. fruits hydroalcoholic extract in normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomedical Research (India), 29(13): 2727–2734.
[4] Taş, S., Sarandöl, E., Dirican, M. (2014): Vitamin B6 supplementation improves oxidative stress and enhances serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014: 351598.
[5] Sarandol, E., Taş, S., Serdar, Z., Dirican, M. (2020): Effects of thiamine treatment on oxidative stress in experimental diabetes. Bratislava Medical Journal – Bratislavske Lekarske Listy, 121(3): 235–241.
[6] Das, A. K. (2015): Type 1 diabetes in India: Overall insights. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 19(Suppl 1): S31–S33.
[7] Gregory, G. A., Robinson, T. I. G., Linklater, S. E., Wang, F., Colagiuri, S., de Beaufort, C., Donaghue, K. C., Magliano, D. J., Maniam, J., Orchard, T. J., Rai, P., Ogle, G. D. (2022): Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: a modelling study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 10(10): 741–760.
[8] Langewitz, W., Wössmer, B., Iseli, J., Berger, W. (1997): Psychological and metabolic improvement after an outpatient teaching program for functional intensified insulin therapy (FIT). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 37(3): 157–164.
[9] MacLeod, J., Franz, M. J., Handu, D., Gradwell, E., Brown, C., Evert, A., Reppert, A., Robinson, M. (2017): Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Practice Guideline for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Nutrition Intervention Evidence Reviews and Recommendations. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 117(10): 1637–1658.
[10] Mansell, P. (2012): The Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) education programme. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 16(9): 364–369.
[11] Stanton-Fay, S. H., Hamilton, K., Chadwick, P. M., Lorencatto, F., Gianfrancesco, C., de Zoysa, N., Coates, E., Cooke, D., McBain, H., Heller, S. R., Michie, S. (2021): The DAFNEplus programme for sustained type 1 diabetes self management: Intervention development using the Behaviour Change Wheel. Diabetic Medicine, 38(5): e14548.
[12] Campbell, M. D., Gonzalez, J. T., Rumbold, P. L., Walker, M., Shaw, J. A., Stevenson, E. J., West, D. J. (2015): Comparison of appetite responses to high- and low-glycemic index postexercise meals under matched insulinemia and fiber in type 1 diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(3): 478–486.
[13] Vetrani, C., Calabrese, I., Cavagnuolo, L., Pacella, D., Napolano, E., Di Rienzo, S., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Annuzzi, G., Bozzetto, L. (2022): Dietary determinants of postprandial blood glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system. Diabetologia, 65(1): 79–87.
[14] Holt, R. I. G., DeVries, J. H., Hess-Fischl, A., Hirsch, I. B., Kirkman, M. S., Klupa, T., Ludwig, B., Nørgaard, K., Pettus, J., Renard, E., Skyler, J. S., Snoek, F. J., Weinstock, R. S., Peters, A. L. (2021): The management of type 1 diabetes in adults: A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care, 44(11): 2589–2625.
[15] Fidanza, F., Alberti, A., Lanti, M., Menotti, A. (2004): Mediterranean Adequacy Index: Correlation with 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease in the Seven Countries Study. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 14(5): 254–258.
[16] de Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J. L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., Mamelle, N. (1999): Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation, 99(6): 779–785.
[17] American Diabetes Association (2021): Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clinical Diabetes, 39(1): 14–43.
[18] Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., Yancy, W. S. (2014): Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 37(Suppl 1): S120–S143.
[19] American Diabetes Association (2019): Lifestyle management: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2019. Diabetes Care, 42(Suppl 1): S46–S60.
[20] American Diabetes Association (2018): Lifestyle management: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Suppl 1): S38–S50.
[21] Smart, C. E., Annan, F., Higgins, L. A., Jelleryd, E., Lopez, M., Acerini, C. L. (2018): ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(Suppl 27): 136–154.
[22] Annan, S. F., Higgins, L. A., Jelleryd, E., Hannon, T., Rose, S., Salis, S., Baptista, J., Chinchilla, P., Marcovecchio, M. L. (2022): ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 23(8): 1297–1321.
[23] Smart, C. E., Annan, F., Bruno, L. P., Higgins, L. A., Acerini, C. L. (2014): ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 15(Suppl 20): 135–153.
[24] Evert, A. B., Dennison, M., Gardner, C. D., Garvey, W. T., Lau, K. H. K., MacLeod, J., Mitri, J., Pereira, R. F., Rawlings, K., Robinson, S., Saslow, L., Uelmen, S., Urbanski, P. B., Yancy, W. S. Jr. (2019): Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: A consensus report. Diabetes Care, 42(5): 731–754.
[25] Jones, A. M., Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2015): Exploring nutrition education resources and barriers, and nutrition knowledge in teachers in California. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(2): 162–169.
[26] Martirosyan, D. M., Singh, J. (2015): A new definition of functional food by FFC: What makes a new definition unique? Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 5(6): 209–223.
[27] Roberfroid, M. B. (2002): Functional foods: Concepts and application to inulin and oligofructose. British Journal of Nutrition, 87(Suppl 2): S139–S143.
[28] Kris-Etherton, P. M., Hecker, K. D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S. M., Binkoski, A. E., Hilpert, K. F., Griel, A. E., Etherton, T. D. (2002): Bioactive compounds in foods: Their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. American Journal of Medicine, 113(Suppl 9B): 71S–88S.
[29] Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., Appel, L. J. (2002): Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 106(21): 2747–2757.
[30] Huang, D., Ou, B., Prior, R. L. (2016): The chemistry behind dietary polyphenols and their anti-diabetic biofunctions. Journal of Functional Foods, 22: 37–52.
[31] Pastors, J. G., Warshaw, H., Daly, A., Franz, M., Kulkarni, K. (2002): The evidence for the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management. Diabetes Care, 25(3): 608–613.
[32] Pi-Sunyer, F. X., Maggio, C. A., McCarron, D. A., Reusser, M. E., Stern, J. S., Haynes, R. B., Oparil, S., Kris-Etherton, P., Resnick, L. M., Chait, A., Morris, C. D., Hatton, D. C., Metz, J. A., Snyder, G. W., Clark, S., McMahon, M. (1999): Multicenter randomized trial of a comprehensive prepared meal program in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 22(2): 191–197.
[33] Franz, M. J., Monk, A., Barry, B., McClain, K., Weaver, T., Cooper, N., Upham, P., Bergenstal, R., Mazze, R. S. (1995): Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95(9): 1009–1017.
[34] Kulkarni, K., Castle, G., Gregory, R., Holmes, A., Leontos, C., Powers, M., Snetselaar, L., Splett, P., Wylie-Rosett, J. (1998): Nutrition practice guidelines for type 1 diabetes mellitus positively affect dietitian practices and patient outcomes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98(1): 62–72.
[35] Gaetke, L. M., Stuart, M. A., Truszczynska, H. (2006): A single nutrition counseling session with a registered dietitian improves short-term clinical outcomes for rural Kentucky patients with chronic diseases. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(1): 109–112.
[36] Imai, S., Kozai, H., Matsuda, M., Hasegawa, G., Obayashi, H., Togawa, C., Yamamura, T., Watanabe, K., Miyatani, S., Yoshikawa, T., Kajiyama, S. (2008): Intervention with delivery of diabetic meals improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 42(1): 59–63.
[37] Huang, M. C., Hsu, C. C., Wang, H. S., Shin, S. J. (2010): Prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate effectiveness of registered dietitian-led diabetes management on glycemic and diet control in a primary care setting in Taiwan. Diabetes Care, 33(2): 233–239.
[38] Robbins, J. M., Thatcher, G. E., Webb, D. A., Valdmanis, V. G. (2008): Nutritionist visits, diabetes classes, and hospitalization rates and charges: The Urban Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 31(4): 655–660.
[39] Ewers, B., Vilsbøll, T., Andersen, H. U., Bruun, J. M. (2019): The dietary education trial in carbohydrate counting (DIET-CARB Study): Study protocol for a randomised, parallel, open-label, intervention study comparing different approaches to dietary self-management in patients with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open, 9(9): e029859.
[40] Helgeson, V. S., Viccaro, L., Becker, D., Escobar, O., Siminerio, L. (2006): Diet of adolescents with and without diabetes: Trading candy for potato chips? Diabetes Care, 29(5): 982–987.
[41] Slavin, J. L. (2013): Dietary carbohydrates: Classification and physiological functions. Journal of Nutrition, 143(3): 380–386.
[42] Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2005): Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
[43] Barnard, N. D., Cohen, J., Jenkins, D. J., Turner-McGrievy, G., Gloede, L., Jaster, B., Seidl, K., Green, A. A., Talpers, S. (2006): A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 29(8): 1777–1783.
[44] Wheeler, M. L., Dunbar, S. A., Jaacks, L. M., Karmally, W., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Wylie-Rosett, J., Yancy, W. S. Jr. (2012): Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: A systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care, 35(2): 434–445.
[45] Thomas, D., Elliott, E. J. (2009): Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009(1): CD006296
[46] Atkinson, F. S., Foster-Powell, K., Brand-Miller, J. C. (2008): International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care, 31(12): 2281–2283.
[47] Ranjan, A., Schmidt, S., Damm-Frydenberg, C., Steineck, I., Clausen, T. R., Holst, J. J., Madsbad, S., Nørgaard, K. (2017): Low-carbohydrate diet impairs the effect of glucagon in the treatment of insulin-induced mild hypoglycemia: A randomized crossover study. Diabetes Care, 40(1): 132–135.
[48] Ranjan, A., Schmidt, S., Madsbad, S., Holst, J. J., Nørgaard, K. (2016): Effects of subcutaneous, low-dose glucagon on insulin-induced mild hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin pump treated type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 18(4): 410–418.
[49] Beasley, J. M., Wylie-Rosett, J. (2013): The role of dietary proteins among persons with diabetes. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 15(9): 348.
[50] Franz, M. J., Bantle, J. P., Beebe, C. A., Brunzell, J. D., Chiasson, J. L., Garg, A., Holzmeister, L. A., Hoogwerf, B., Mayer-Davis, E., Mooradian, A. D., Purnell, J. Q., Wheeler, M. (2004): Nutrition principles and recommendations in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(Suppl 1): S36–S46.
[51] Hamdy, O., Horton, E. S. (2011): Protein content in diabetes nutrition plan. Current Diabetes Reports, 11(2): 111–119.
[52] Nikhil, T., Mohan, V., Dhaliwal, R. S., Kaur, T. (2022): Guidelines for management of Type 1 diabetes. Indian Council of Medical Research.
[53] Garonzi, C., Forsander, G., Maffeis, C. (2021): Impact of fat intake on blood glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Nutrients, 13(8): 2625.
[54] Mackey, E. R., O'Brecht, L., Holmes, C. S., Jacobs, M., Streisand, R. (2018): Teens with type 1 diabetes: How does their nutrition measure up? Journal of Diabetes Research, 2018: 5094569.
[55] Delahanty, L. M., Nathan, D. M., Lachin, J. M., Hu, F. B., Cleary, P. A., Ziegler, G. K., Wylie-Rosett, J., Wexler, D. J. (2009): Association of diet with glycated hemoglobin during intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(2): 518–524.
[56] Health Canada, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (2012): Policy for labelling and advertising of dietary fibre-containing food products. Ottawa: Health Canada. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/pdf/legislation/pol/fibre-label-etiquetage-eng.pdf
[57] Anderson, J., Randles, K. M., Kendall, C. W., Jenkins, D. J. (2004): Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: A quantitative assessment and meta-analysis of the evidence. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23(1): 5–17
[58] Grundy, M. M., Edwards, C. H., Mackie, A. R., Gidley, M. J., Butterworth, P. J., Ellis, P. R. (2016): Re-evaluation of the mechanisms of dietary fibre and implications for macronutrient bioaccessibility, digestion and postprandial metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(5): 816–833.
[59] Rosén, L. A., Silva, L. O., Andersson, U. K., Holm, C., Ostman, E. M., Björck, I. M. (2009): Endosperm and whole grain rye breads are characterized by low post-prandial insulin response and a beneficial blood glucose profile. Nutrition Journal, 8: 42.
[60] Rosén, L. A., Ostman, E. M., Björck, I. M. (2011): Effects of cereal breakfasts on postprandial glucose, appetite regulation and voluntary energy intake at a subsequent standardized lunch; focusing on rye products. Nutrition Journal, 10: 7.
[61] Sadiq Butt, M., Tahir-Nadeem, M., Khan, M. K., Shabir, R., Butt, M. S. (2008): Oat: Unique among the cereals. European Journal of Nutrition, 47(2): 68–79.
[62] Bays, H., Frestedt, J. L., Bell, M., Williams, C., Kolberg, L., Schmelzer, W., Anderson, J. W. (2011): Reduced viscosity barley β-glucan versus placebo: A randomized controlled trial of the effects on insulin sensitivity for individuals at risk for diabetes mellitus. Nutrition & Metabolism, 8: 58.
[63] Brockman, D. A., Chen, X., Gallaher, D. D. (2013): Consumption of a high β-glucan barley flour improves glucose control and fatty liver and increases muscle acylcarnitines in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. European Journal of Nutrition, 52(7): 1743–1753.
[64] Whent, M., Huang, H., Xie, Z., Lutterodt, H., Yu, L., Fuerst, E. P., Morris, C. F., Yu, L. L., Luthria, D. (2012): Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activity of whole wheat flour. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(9): 2129–2135.
[65] Stevenson, L., Phillips, F., O'Sullivan, K., Walton, J. (2012): Wheat bran: Its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63(8): 1001–1013.
[66] Ross, A. B., Kamal-Eldin, A., Åman, P. (2004): Dietary alkylresorcinols: Absorption, bioactivities, and possible use as biomarkers of whole-grain wheat- and rye-rich foods. Nutrition Reviews, 62(3): 81–95.
[67] Brandolini, A., Hidalgo, A. (2012): Wheat germ: Not only a byproduct. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63(Suppl 1): 71–74.
[68] Iyer, A., Brown, L. (2011): Fermented wheat germ extract (Avemar) in the treatment of cardiac remodeling and metabolic symptoms in rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011: 508957.
[69] Callegaro, M. da D., Tirapegui, J. (1996): Comparação do valor nutricional entre arroz integral e polido (Comparison of the nutritional value between brown rice and white rice). Arquivos de Gastroenterologia, 33(4): 225–231.
[70] Cheng, H. H., Huang, H. Y., Chen, Y. Y., Huang, C. L., Chang, C. J., Chen, H. L., Lai, M. H. (2010): Ameliorative effects of stabilized rice bran on type 2 diabetes patients. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 56(1): 45–51.
[71] Duranti, M. (2006): Grain legume proteins and nutraceutical properties. Fitoterapia, 77(2): 67–82.
[72] Madar, Z., Stark, A. H. (2002): New legume sources as therapeutic agents. British Journal of Nutrition, 88(Suppl 3): S287–S292.
[73] Flight, I., Clifton, P. (2006): Cereal grains and legumes in the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke: A review of the literature. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60(10): 1145–1159.
[74] López-Amorós, M. L., Hernández, T., Estrella, I. (2006): Effect of germination on legume phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(4): 277–283.
[75] Zou, Y., Chang, S. K., Gu, Y., Qian, S. Y. (2011): Antioxidant activity and phenolic compositions of lentil (Lens culinaris var. Morton) extract and its fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(6): 2268–2276.
[76] Boualga, A., Prost, J., Taleb-Senouci, D., Krouf, D., Kharoubi, O., Lamri-Senhadji, M., Belleville, J., Bouchenak, M. (2009): Purified chickpea or lentil proteins impair VLDL metabolism and lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal fat, but not in muscle, compared to casein, in growing rats. European Journal of Nutrition, 48(3): 162–169.
[77] Yao, F., Sun, C., Chang, S. K. (2012): Lentil polyphenol extract prevents angiotensin II-induced hypertension, vascular remodelling and perivascular fibrosis. Food & Function, 3(2): 127–133.
[78] Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Neumiller, J. J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C. L., Urbanski, P., Yancy, W. S. (2013): Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes: Position statement by the ADA. Diabetes Care, 36(11): 3821–3842.
[79] van Dijk, P. R., Waanders, F., Qiu, J., de Boer, H. H. R., van Goor, H., Bilo, H. J. G. (2020): Hypomagnesemia in persons with type 1 diabetes: Associations with clinical parameters and oxidative stress. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11: 2042018820980240.
[80] Chimienti, F. (2013): Zinc, pancreatic islet cell function and diabetes: New insights into an old story. Nutrition Research Reviews, 26(1): 1–11.
[81] Rükgauer, M., Schmitt, Y., Zeyfang, A. (2006): Importance of chromium, copper, selenium and zinc in diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 with late disease. Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 30(4): 192–200.
[82] Ekmekcioglu, C., Elmadfa, I., Meyer, A. L., Moeslinger, T. (2016): The role of dietary potassium in hypertension and diabetes. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 72(1): 93–106.
[83] Holick, M. F., Binkley, N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., Murad, M. H., Weaver, C. M. (2011): Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96(7): 1911–1930.
[84] Geldmeyer-Hilt, K., Heine, G., Hartmann, B., Baumgrass, R., Radbruch, A., Worm, M. (2011): 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 impairs NF-κB activation in human naïve B cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 407(4): 699–702.
[85] Greer, R. M., Portelli, S. L., Hung, B. S., Cleghorn, G. J., McMahon, S. K., Batch, J. A., Conwell, L. S. (2013): Serum vitamin D levels are lower in Australian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes than in children without diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 14(1): 31–41.
[86] Gil-Díaz, M. C., Raynor, J., O'Brien, K. O., Schwartz, G. J., Weber, D. R. (2019): Systematic review: Associations of calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and physical activity with skeletal outcomes in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetologica, 56(10): 1091–1102.
[87] Heber, D. (2004): Vegetables, fruits and phytoestrogens in the prevention of diseases. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 50(2): 145–149.
[88] Shin, J. Y., Kim, J. Y., Kang, H. T., Han, K. H., Shim, J. Y. (2015): Effect of fruits and vegetables on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 66(4): 416–425.
[89] Takahashi, K., Kamada, C., Yoshimura, H., Okumura, R., Iimuro, S., Ohashi, Y., Araki, A., Umegaki, H., Sakurai, T., Yoshimura, Y., Ito, H. (2012): Effects of total and green vegetable intakes on glycated hemoglobin A1c and triglycerides in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Japanese Elderly Intervention Trial. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 12(Suppl 1): 50–58.
[90] Sharma, S., Katoch, V., Kumar, S., Chatterjee, S. (2021): Functional relationship of vegetable colors and bioactive compounds: Implications in human health. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 92: 108615.
[91] Lu, W., Shi, Y., Wang, R., Su, D., Tang, M., Liu, Y., Li, Z. (2021): Antioxidant activity and healthy benefits of natural pigments in fruits: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(9): 4945.
[92] Khan, U. M., Sevindik, M., Zarrabi, A., Nami, M., Ozdemir, B., Kaplan, D. N., Selamoglu, Z., Hasan, M., Kumar, M., Alshehri, M. M., Sharifi-Rad, J. (2021): Lycopene: Food sources, biological activities, and human health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021: 2713511.
[93] Przybylska, S., Tokarczyk, G. (2022): Lycopene in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(4): 1957.
[94] Bin-Jumah, M. N., Nadeem, M. S., Gilani, S. J., Mubeen, B., Ullah, I., Alzarea, S. I., Ghoneim, M. M., Alshehri, S., Al-Abbasi, F. A., Kazmi, I. (2022): Lycopene: A natural arsenal in the war against oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidants, 11(2): 232.
[95] Sumalla-Cano, S., Eguren-García, I., Lasarte-García, Á., Prola, T. A., Martínez-Díaz, R., Elío, I. (2024): Carotenoids intake and cardiovascular prevention: A systematic review. Nutrients, 16(22): 3859.
[96] Crowe-White, K. M., Voruganti, V. S., Talevi, V., Dudenbostel, T., Nagabooshanam, V. A., Locher, J. L., Ellis, A. C. (2020): Variation of serum lycopene in response to 100% watermelon juice: An exploratory analysis of genetic variants in a randomized controlled crossover study. Current Developments in Nutrition, 4(7): nzaa102.
[97] Fallah, A. A., Sarmast, E., Jafari, T. (2020): Effect of dietary anthocyanins on biomarkers of glycemic control and glucose metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Food Research International, 137: 109379.
[98] Mao, T., Akshit, F. N. U., Mohan, M. S. (2023): Effects of anthocyanin supplementation in diet on glycemic and related cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10: 1199815.
[99] Kozłowska, A., Nitsch-Osuch, A. (2024): Anthocyanins and type 2 diabetes: An update of human study and clinical trial. Nutrients, 16(11): 1674.
[100] Kayode, A. A. A., Adebodun, G. O., Fabunmi, D. I., Kayode, O. T. (2023): Role of functional foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: A concise review. Bioactive Molecules and Pharmaceuticals, 2(7): 29–41.
[101] Arumugam, V., Thomas Cheeran, A., Ariyan, S., Vasanth, K. (2024): A review on the influence of nutraceuticals and functional foods on health. Food Chemistry Advances, 5: 100749.
[102] Tey, S. L., Brown, R., Gray, A., Chisholm, A., Delahunty, C. (2011): Nuts improve diet quality compared to other energy-dense snacks while maintaining body weight. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2011: 357350.
[103] Mattes, R. D., Dreher, M. L. (2010): Nuts and healthy body weight maintenance mechanisms. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 19(1): 137–141.
[104] Kendall, C. W., Esfahani, A., Truan, J., Srichaikul, K., Jenkins, D. J. (2010): Health benefits of nuts in prevention and management of diabetes. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 19(1): 110–116.
[105] Ros, E. (2009): Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5): 1649S–1656S.
[106] Jamal, A. R., Bayoumy, H. (2009): Effects of cinnamon on blood glucose among type 1 and type 2 diabetic individuals: A comparative study. Alexandria Journal of Pediatrics, 43: 299–307.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
