Nanoparçacıkların Ölçme ve İnceleme Teknikleri

Özet

Although there are too many large measuring and examining analysis techniques to define the nanoparticles (NPs), there are only a few analytic and spectroscopic methods used to measure the amounts and the characteristics of NPs in environmental and liquid matrixes. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), one of these analysis techniques, is used to size in colloidal (liquid environment) solution that has NPs in, and to define the clustering in suspensions. Zeta potential occurs between particle and liquid that particle in. Zeta potential is a measure of the potential difference between the bulk liquid from which a particle is dispersed and the liquid layer containing the oppositely charged ions associated with the NP surface. For the imaging of NPs, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis methods are applied successfully to determine the size, structure, shape, clustering and distribution of particles. Also, intermolecular forces can be accurately measured and the materials can be displayed in any environment without requiring a special preparation process with Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Spectroscopy method which is suitable for the structural characterization of NPs can be used for the characterization of NP surfaces and coatings while providing crystallographic information. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) is used to provide descriptive information about the bonds in a molecule or compound structure of an NP. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is widely used in quantitative and semi-qualitative determination of the majority of the elements in the periodic table, especially in metallic elements. By determining the trace element concentrations thanks to this method, the concentration of metal-based NPs in any solution can be calculated. Moreover, the characterization of fluorescent NPs and colloids is possible with an Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) detector. The concentration of NPs is determined by measuring specific wavelength absorption at UV-Vis spectroscopy. All of these techniques and measurement methods were given in detail in this study.